ULITEO LA PAGINA DE "NADIE" (ULISES) Y DE "TODOS" (PROTEO)

Thursday, January 31, 2008

Dos ensayos y un comentario

BIENVENIDA A DOS ENSAYOS

Por Freddy Quezada

Doy la bienvenida a dos ensayos de autores simpatizantes de las corrientes decoloniales, sin ser totalmente ciegos a todos sus planteamientos, los que fueron tomados de dos libros: Mundos en disputa (Garzón y Mendoza, 2007) y Pensamiento crítico y matriz (de) colonial (Walsh, 2005). En el primero, Edicsson Quitián escribe El conflicto entre letra y voz y los límites de la representación; y en el segundo, Alexandra Astudillo reflexiona sobre Teoría Literaria Latinoamericana y el locus de enunciación desde América Latina.

Los dos ensayos tratan sobre el peso de los letrados en América Latina y el papel de sus intelectuales. Pese a coincidir ampliamente con los dos autores (no sé sin entre ellos se conocen), tengo mis reservas en algunos aspectos. Para el que lea a cabalidad los dos textos, identificará que el de Quitián sobrevalora la propuesta de John Beverley y retoma el esquema Asturias-Menchú (que Mario Roberto Morales en su tesis doctoral deplora) por la positiva, tratando de salvar algunos muebles de la casa en llamas; la misma objeción que le hago a Astudillo que, al final de su trabajo, se apoya en Fernando Coronil contra Spivak, para justificar oscuramente el papel emancipatorio de los intelectuales latinoamericanos.

Quitián comienza diciendo “si tenemos en cuenta que mientras en Europa la literatura está vinculada a largos procesos tecnológicos y culturales que terminarán sacralizando el libro y la lectura silenciosa, en el espacio latinoamericano la letra funciona como una estrategia de dominación sin precedentes”. Pero hay que agregar todavía que la visibilidad del dominio de la escritura sobre una población nacional es directamente proporcional al tamaño de su clase media. Entre ésta menor sea, es más intensivo el uso de otras formas de dominio y resistencia. El poder del número de desilustrados (que no saben descodificar la lengua dominante) y de los semi-ilustrados (híbrido entre los que mínimamente saben leer y escribir y el alto consumidor de narraciones audiovisuales) o la extrañeza de los otros (que saben sólo su propia lengua), corrompen al sector ilustrado y le imponen su ritmo y crueldades.

Más adelante continúa este autor: “La cuestión se plantea entonces en términos de relaciones, la cultura subalterna no podría definirse de modo independiente de la cultura de la élite, ya que precisamente ésta última le ha definido un lugar: las afueras del orden legítimo. Por lo tanto, lo subalterno se construye desde ese no-lugar, desde la imposibilidad”. Este secreto es mucho más profundo de lo que parece, porque en un alarde de temeridad, descodificándolo nos dice (y no se atreve Quitián) que los subalternos no existen, son imaginados por el amo, a su vez, otra ilusión del poder. Es un baile, sin objetivos, que sólo da para una estética del poder. Esto es lo que vieron siempre los hinduistas en el baile de Shiva y el Bagavad Gita con Krishna.

A su manera, dice Quitián: “En gran parte, afirmar la existencia del conflicto entre letrados e iletrados, élite y subalternos, es permitir la visibilidad de los sujetos en disputa, pero al mismo tiempo construirlos como contrincantes, lo que constituye el poder de representación en su significación retórica y política.”

Astudillo, por su parte, habla de la “borradura” de los intelectuales, a su manera: “Lo que Spivak desarrolla es una suerte de política de subalternidad; sostiene que el subalterno nunca va a hablar porque es una estrategia textual de los intelectuales para quedar transparentes en la operación de su propia escritura, una estrategia que utilizan para ocultarse…”. Y, Fernando Coronil (Walter Mignolo y al parecer la propia autora) se suman para salvar algunos muebles de la casa envuelta en llamas, diciendo que Spivak llama “mudos” a los subalternos y de esa manera, poder colocar ellos una fórmula para seguir justificándose. Dice Doña Alexandra: “La noción de una subalternidad relativa y relacional que introduce Coronil permitiría dar cuenta de la compleja constitución de agencia en los contextos latinoamericanos…La reescritura constante de la subalternidad necesita del intelectual para existir.”

Astudillo concluye: “…hablar ‘desde América Latina’ se constituye en un conflicto de representación. Las posiciones críticas analizadas oponen a una tradición de representación marcadamente colonialistas otras que, en el caso de Henríquez Ureña y Reyes, siguen influenciadas por una mirada eurocéntrica, que les impide examinar la política de su propia práctica. Estas propuestas confluyen en la consolidación de la misma relación de poder que desean desarticular… que no logra desprenderse de la colonialidad del poder y del saber (Quijano, 2001) eurocéntrico. En el caso de Mariátegui su esfuerzo se queda entrampado en el juego de la representación que el intelectual puede hacer del mundo indígena”. Exactamente como el discurso de hoy en los decoloniales: esencialmente eurocéntrico (lo que más odian es lo único que conocen), por la representación y la emancipación que usan.

¿No importa el lugar entonces sino el actor? ¿Se convierte en algo especial la cantidad de sufrimiento entre un actor y otro para hacer depender de ello la justicia, calidad, garantía y profundidad de las promesas? Si es el caso, son los judíos del Holocausto los que tienen la ventaja, sobre nuestros aborígenes y afrodescendientes. ¿Entre el ego conquiro heideggeriano y el subalter levinasiano, quien los pone en un digno centro “kantiano”? ¿Dussel, Maldonado Torres, Mignolo?

Concluyo, abrazando como mía la siguiente reflexión de la profesora Astudillo: “…la letra y la literatura son los espacios donde los marginados de siempre por la ‘cultura oficial’ podrían hacer oír su voz. No obstante, su mediación como intelectuales reproduce nuevamente, aunque de manera más velada, las mismas correlaciones de poder que se pretende superar. Así, la mediación del intelectual transforma la diferencia en jerarquía, construye como objeto natural de representación aquello que quiere representar y de esta manera idealiza la condición de hibridez de lo latinoamericano”. ¿Entonces? ¡Ya no nos necesitan¡

REFERENCIAS

Quitián, E. (2007) “El conflicto entre letra y voz y los límites de la representación” en Mundos en Disputa de Garzón, M y Mendoza, N (comp.) Ed. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá. Págs: 135-154.

Astudillo, A (2005) “Teoría Literaria Latinoamericana y el locus de enunciación desde América Latina” en Pensamiento crítico y matriz (de) colonial de Walsh, C. Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. Quito. Págs: 191- 210

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